{"id":6104,"date":"2021-08-25T08:06:04","date_gmt":"2021-08-25T08:06:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/?p=6104"},"modified":"2021-08-25T08:06:05","modified_gmt":"2021-08-25T08:06:05","slug":"design-measures-for-corrosion-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/en\/design-measures-for-corrosion-prevention\/","title":{"rendered":"Design measures for corrosion prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article provides an overview of the types of corrosion that occur and possible constructive measures to prevent or reduce corrosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice it is sometimes difficult to foresee the expected corrosion phenomena completely and precisely for the first product design. This can be remedied by the guidelines and regulations that may exist for the respective product, into which corresponding empirical values, such as additional values \u200b\u200bfor the material thickness, have already been incorporated. If there are no such regulations, the following list is helpful for constructive measures against corrosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of corrosion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are different types of corrosion, but what they have in common is that an <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrolyte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">electrolyte<\/a> is usually required to start the corrosion. The following types can be distinguished:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"#Corrosion-of-free-surfaces\">Corrosion of free surfaces<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Uniform surface corrosion<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"><span style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Peptic corrosion<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"><span style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Pitting corrosion<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"><span style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">Crevice corrosion<\/span><\/span> <\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"#Corrosion-of-contacting-surfaces\">Corrosion of contacting surfaces<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Contact corrosion<\/li><li>Sediment corrosion<\/li><li>Corrosion at phase interfaces<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"#Corrosion-from-stress\">Corrosion from stress<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Stress corrosion cracking<\/li><li>Vibration corrosion cracking<\/li><li>Corrosion induced by strain<\/li><li>Erosion and cavitation corrosion<\/li><li>Friction corrosion<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"#Selective-corrosion\">Selective corrosion<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Intergranular corrosion<\/li><li>Graphite corrosion<\/li><li>Dezincification<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following describes the individual types of corrosion, their causes and the respective design measures against corrosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Corrosion-of-free-surfaces\">Corrosion of free surfaces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uniform surface corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A metallic surface is exposed to moisture (weakly basic or acidic) and oxygen (normal contact with the atmosphere). These environmental conditions lead to material erosion over the entire surface due to corrosion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>use stainless steel<\/li><li>plan additional material thickness<\/li><li>design to minimal surface area<\/li><li>Allow areas to be ventilated to dry<\/li><li>avoid the accumulation of liquids (e.g. plan inclined surfaces for drainage)<\/li><li>avoid falling below the <a href=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/en\/heat-transfer-through-a-multilayer-wall\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dew point<\/a> (formation of condensate)<\/li><li>use an anti-corrosive surface coating<\/li><li>use cathodic protection<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Peptic and pitting corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both peptic and pitting corrosion are locally increased free types of corrosion that are caused by inhomogeneities in the material. The design countermeasures apply as described above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Crevice corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Electrolytes can accumulate in crevices and accelerate corrosion. In addition, the accumulation of electrolytes leads to a lack of oxygen, which can also cause damage to corrosion- and acid-resistant steels.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>weld overlapping material on both sides<\/li><li>apply sealing runs to weld seams<\/li><li>do not use interrupted weld seams<\/li><li>seal the gap<\/li><li>increase the gap to allow ventilation<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"441\" height=\"261\" src=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_negativbeispiel1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_negativbeispiel1.png 441w, https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_negativbeispiel1-300x178.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><figcaption>Bad: If material overlaps are welded on one side, electrolyte can collect in the gap<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"444\" height=\"259\" src=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_positivbeispiel1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6084\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_positivbeispiel1.png 444w, https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_positivbeispiel1-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><figcaption>Good: When welding on both sides, the gap is sealed so that no electrolyte can accumulate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"442\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_negativbeispiel2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6087\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_negativbeispiel2.png 442w, https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_negativbeispiel2-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" \/><figcaption>Bad: Partially welded seams lead to gaps in sections that are prone to corrosion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"441\" height=\"258\" src=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_positivbeispiel2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6090\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_positivbeispiel2.png 441w, https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/spaltkorrosion_positivbeispiel2-300x176.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><figcaption>Good: A welded-through weld seam closes all gaps<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Corrosion-of-contacting-surfaces\">Corrosion of contacting surfaces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use of metals with different potentials (electrochemical series) with the simultaneous presence of an electrolyte.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>use materials with a lower potential difference<\/li><li>isolate the two materials<\/li><li>avoid electrolyte<\/li><li>use of sacrificial anodes<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sediment corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The origin of sediment corrosion is also in the electrochemical series, i.e. the potential difference. Sediments can accumulate during production (e.g. extraneous rust) as well as during operation due to abrasion or other effects and lead to corrosion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>avoidance of deposit products\/sediment through filtering or cleaning<\/li><li>in the case of machine parts with flow: avoiding \"dead\" flow zones in which particles can settle<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"262\" height=\"141\" src=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ablagerungskorrosion_negativbeispiel1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6093\"\/><figcaption>Bad: Deposits\/Sediments or electrolytes can collect on or in profiles during operation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"223\" height=\"120\" src=\"https:\/\/pickedshares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ablagerungskorrosion_positivbeispiel1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6096\"\/><figcaption>Good: The profiles should be arranged in such a way that as few sediments as possible can accumulate. For example, drainage holes can also be provided.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corrosion at phase interfaces<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the transition area between, for example, the liquid phase and the vapor phase of a medium, increased corrosion can occur. This can occur both with stationary liquids and with \"changing\" media, e.g. in the transition zone from water to water vapor in a heat exchanger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>minimize the component area in the area of \u200b\u200bthe phase interface<\/li><li>slow down the phase change (with flowing media)<\/li><li>vary fill levels<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Corrosion-from-stress\">Corrosion from stress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stress corrosion cracking<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are materials that are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. These are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>unalloyed carbon steels<\/li><li>austenitic steels<\/li><li>Brass<\/li><li>Magnesium alloys<\/li><li>Aluminum alloys<\/li><li>Titanium alloys<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stress corrosion cracking can be triggered by external tensile stresses or the internal stress state of a component.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>avoid susceptible materials<\/li><li>lowering the tensile stress (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe surface)<\/li><li>application of compressive stress<\/li><li>stress relief heat treatment<\/li><li>avoid electrolytes<\/li><li>use cathodic coatings<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vibration corrosion cracking<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The vibration corrosion cracking is difficult to distinguish from fatigue failure because it shows almost the same characteristics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>avoid alternating stress<\/li><li>avoid grooves<\/li><li>avoid electrolytes<\/li><li>Introduce compressive prestress into the surface of the component (e.g. by shot peening)<\/li><li>use surface coating<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strain corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The expansion or compression of a component can damage a protective surface layer or surface coating.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>reduce strain or compression<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Erosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Surface damage caused by particles contained in a flowing fluid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-5697ec26-7128-45ec-8caf-7e3f25b0878d\"><li>filtering the particles<\/li><li>decrease the flow velocity<\/li><li>redirecting the flow<\/li><li>apply additional surface layers, such as build-up welds, nickel layers, hard chrome or stellite<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cavitation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cavitation leads to local overstressing of the surface, so that corrosion is favored at these points.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>decrease the flow velocity<\/li><li>apply additional surface layers, such as build-up welds, nickel layers, hard chrome or stellite<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Friction corrosion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Friction from moving, adjoining components leads to both abrasion and higher surface stress due to surface pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>use of interchangeable friction materials<\/li><li>use of lubricants<\/li><li>avoid the motion<\/li><li>avoid the contact<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Selective-corrosion\">Selective corrosion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Root cause<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selective corrosion is material corrosion on the crystal lattice level. The material can be more susceptible to corrosion at the grain boundaries, so that e.g. in cast iron, the iron components dissolve (spongiosis or graphite corrosion).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Intracrystalline corrosion particularly affects austenitic CrNi steels after unsuitable heat treatment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design countermeasures<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>apply suitable heat treatment measures for the materials used<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article provides an overview of the types of corrosion that occur and possible constructive measures to prevent or reduce corrosion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6100,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-engineering-and-design","category-how-to","infinite-scroll-item","masonry-post","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Design measures for corrosion prevention &#8226; 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